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What Is the Zone of Proximal Development? The zone of proximal development (ZPD), or zone of potential development, refers to the range of abilities an individual can perform with the guidance of an expert, but cannot yet perform on their own. Developed by psychologist Lev Vygotsky, this learning theory may be observed in a classroom setting or anywhere else where an individual has the opportunity to develop new skills. Stages of ZPD There are three distinct categories where a learner may fall in terms of their skill set....

The first time your baby gets sick can be scary. Even if you have been doing all the right things, it still can be anxiety-inducing when their nose starts to run or they spike a fever. Try as you might to keep germs and viruses away, your baby can still come down with the flu. As parents, you want to do everything you can to help your baby get healthy fast—while also knowing that everything you are doing is safe for your little one....

When Netflix announced it was developing a mini-series based on Jay Asher’s book, “13 Reasons Why,” fans of the book were excited to see it come to life. In the book, and in the series, the story revolves around a fictional high school teenager named Hannah Baker, who died by suicide and left behind cassette tapes for the 13 people she feels let her down and impacted her decision. Information presented in this article may be triggering to some people....

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (also known as rTMS or Repetitive TMS) is a relatively non-invasive procedure that involves placing a small magnetic device directly on the skull. This sealed device contains a coil of wire that carries electricity and produces a magnetic field similar in strength to a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. The flow of electricity that pulses through the device to targeted areas causes cells in the brain called neurons to become either more or less active....

People who live with depression or bipolar disorder may share similar behavioral patterns and avoid doing certain everyday tasks, including the things that are good for them. There are some days when you simply might not have the energy to shower and other days when the dishes keep piling up. And some weeks may go by when you barely have it in you to leave the house. These normal, everyday habits can seem impossible at times for those experiencing depression....

Good nutrition is, of course, essential for providing energy and maintaining body structure and function. Many alcoholics, however, tend to eat less than the amount of food necessary to provide sufficient carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals. On top of that, alcohol itself can interfere with the nutrition process by affecting digestion, storage, utilization, and excretion of nutrients. Consequently, chronic heavy drinkers are hit with a double health whammy—they don’t consume enough nutrients, and the nutrients they do consume are not utilized well....

Internet addiction is a behavioral addiction in which a person becomes dependent on use of the Internet, or other online devices, as a maladaptive way of coping with life’s stresses. Internet addiction is becoming widely recognized and acknowledged, particularly in countries where it is affecting large numbers of people, such as South Korea, where it has been declared a national health problem. Much of the current research on the subject of Internet addiction has been carried out in Asia....

Breastfeeding and parenting a newborn comes with headaches, both literal and figurative. While you’re figuring out how to adapt and adjust to the daily challenges of having a new baby, the last thing you want is an actual headache slowing you down. You need relief and you need it fast—especially if you suffer from debilitating migraine headaches. Whether you get migraines or just brutal headaches, chances are you have a bottle of Excedrin (acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine) in your medicine cabinet....

When you first find out you’re expecting, it seems like there is an endless list of do’s and don’ts as far as what to eat, what activities to stop doing, and what is considered safe for both you and the baby. If you had an in-depth beauty routine before getting pregnant, you may need to re-think some of your go-to treatments. Love getting Botox? It’s a no-go. Use retinol? It needs to take a backseat on your shelf....

Having any member of your family in rehab for drugs or alcohol means that you’re inevitably facing and perhaps even struggling with a lot of concerns, questions and maybe some misconceptions about how professional treatment works. Things to Keep in Mind The following may answer some of those questions. They’re in Good Hands First, relax and take a deep breath. Your family member is not being held against their will, and they are not locked up....

Psychedelic mushrooms have been a hot topic in recent years, with early-stage studies suggesting that their psilocybin compound is good at reducing symptoms of depression. But regular mushrooms—yes, the type you can pick up at the grocery store—may also have mental health-boosting benefits. Key Takeaways A new study found that people who ate mushrooms were less likely to have depression.Researchers believe it’s due to the essential antioxidant ergothioneine, which must be obtained exclusively through dietary sources....

The field of addictions research continues to evolve. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), gaming disorder has been recognized in the 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Key Takeaways The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined gaming disorder as a condition in the 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11).Gaming disorder refers to reduced control over gaming, which negatively impacts one’s life, and evident for at least a year, according to the ICD-11....

The fetal pole, which is also called an embryo, is one of the initial phases of pregnancy. It is typically the first stage of embryonic growth visible in an ultrasound. In an early pregnancy ultrasound, if the embryo isn’t far enough along to have developed into a recognizable fetus, the ultrasound tech will look to identify a fetal pole. Knowing more about the fetal pole can help you to feel more prepared for your first prenatal visit....

Ginkgo biloba is an antioxidant-rich herb used to enhance brain health and treat a variety of conditions. Although dietary supplements typically contain extracts from the plant’s leaves, ginkgo biloba seeds are commonly used for healing purposes in traditional Chinese medicine. Ginkgo contains numerous flavonoids, compounds that proponents suggest can protect against aging-related issues such as dementia by improving blood flow to the brain, among other benefits. Health Benefits of Ginkgo Biloba Ginkgo biloba is said to aid in the treatment or prevention of the following health problems:...

If stressful events seem to give you a headache, you’re not alone. Many people suffer from headaches that appear to be triggered or exacerbated by stress. But is there a real link? and if so, what is it? Here’s what you need to know. Are Headaches Caused by Stress? Many people may wonder if headaches are a direct result of stress. The answer is yes, no, and maybe. Stress can cause many headaches and they can exacerbate others....

It’s fairly normal for homework to be a task dreaded by most kids. But when you become a parent, you might find that you dread homework just as much as your children do! Simply getting kids to sit down and work can be a struggle, and fitting homework into a family’s busy schedule can also be challenging. Not only that, but it can be really hard to watch a child wrestle with the material....

One of the most fascinating aspects of breastfeeding is that it works on a supply and demand system. In other words, your body “learns” how much your baby will need to eat and will produce that much milk. Of course, it can take time for your body to provide the milk supply that your baby needs. Different factors, such as genetics, diet, stress, or illness, affect your supply as well....

When your child goes off to middle school they will be required to take certain subjects. Most middle school students have to take English or language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies or history. But there are also elective classes that are available to many students. Electives are classes that your student may choose to take that aren’t necessarily required. The electives your child’s school offers may differ from electives at other schools....

Originally developed in the late 1930s, the test has been revised and updated several times to improve accuracy and validity. The MMPI-2 test questions consist of 567 true-false and take approximately 60 to 90 minutes to complete; the MMPI-2-RF has 338 true-false questions, taking 35 to 50 minutes to finish. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is the most widely used and researched clinical assessment tool utilized by mental health professionals to help diagnose mental health disorders....

For decades, there have been racial disparities within maternal and infant health in the United States. With Black birthing people three times more likely to die during and after childbirth than their White counterparts, and Black babies two times more likely to die, the system is clearly broken. There are numerous reasons why these numbers are so high, and they are all rooted in racism, systemic medical bias, and discrimination. In order to combat the effects of these socioeconomic inequalities that make it more difficult for Black people to have healthy and successful pregnancies....