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Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs) are a class of drugs used primarily to treat depression. They can also be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, narcolepsy, and Parkinson’s disease. They are a newer class of antidepressants used to treat depression and tend to have fewer side effects than other common antidepressants. What NDRIs Do Norepinephrine and dopamine are chemical messengers in the brain that might cause mood disorders like depression and anxiety when they malfunction....

Expectant parents have plenty of decisions to make about pregnancy and birth, and choosing a support system for the duration of the pregnancy is chief among them. An obstetrician/gynecologist (OB/GYN), midwife, and doula are all available to assist, but it can get confusing to figure out who you need, when, and where. Knowing what each of these birth-workers is trained and authorized to do will help you build the best support team for your whole family....

Breast milk contains more than just calories and nutrients. In fact, it’s chock full of other ingredients, such as hormones. These hormones play a role in a baby’s health and development. This is one of the many differences in the makeup of breast milk compared with formula. Many of the hormones in breast milk have only recently been identified, and research is ongoing to determine what specifically these hormones and other components do for babies....

What Is Parent Guilt? As a parent, do you sometimes feel like you’re not doing enough for your children? Do you feel guilty about having to leave your child and go to work? Do you look at other parents who seem to have it all together and wish that were you? If so, you may be experiencing parent guilt, which is also sometimes referred to as maternal guilt, mother guilt, mom guilt, or dad guilt....

First described in 1981, pruritic folliculitis (PF or PFP) is a relatively rare but benign skin condition that occurs in about one in three thousand pregnancies, according to a review article in the American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. That being said, some experts believed that the incidence of pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy may be higher because it could be misdiagnosed as bacterial folliculitis. What Is Pruritic Folliculitis of Pregnancy? The rash consists of several small red bumps (called papules) that may or may not be filled with pus (called pustules)....

Water birth is becoming an increasing option for women in childbirth. Once water birth was relegated to only homebirth settings, now many hospitals and birth centers are providing on-site water birth tubs for use in labor and childbirth. (Though it should be noted that every facility has a different set of rules as to who can use the water birth tubs and how long.) Essentially, water birth involved sitting in a warm tub during at least a portion of the labor process; in some cases, it is possible to actually give birth in the water....

The best snow days are packed with sledding, snowman-building, and mugs full of hot cocoa. Though there are plenty of fun winter activities for kids, we’re partial to sledding with friends or siblings. However, there are many kinds of sleds on the market, so it’s important to find the best fit for your family’s needs. Whether you’re looking for a high-tech sled with a fancy steering system or a simple plastic toboggan, there are lots of great after-Christmas sales on some of our favorite sleds....

What Is a Soda Addiction? Do you often find yourself craving a soda? Does your meal feel incomplete without a soda to wash it down? Do you drink soda every day, sometimes more than once a day? If so, it’s possible you may have a soda addiction. A soda addiction refers to an individual’s perceived need to consume large amounts of soda, says Marney White, PhD, MS, a clinical psychologist at Yale Medicine who specializes in eating and weight disorders....

Undifferentiated schizophrenia was a previously-recognized subtype of schizophrenia that involved having symptoms of the condition that did not fit the characteristics of catatonic, paranoid, or disorganized schizophrenia. These conditions were once recognized as distinct subtypes of schizophrenia, but these have been removed as separate diagnoses in the most recent version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR). Undifferentiated Schizophrenia Signs and Symptoms A diagnosis of schizophrenia must comply with the DSM-5 criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia by having at least two of the following symptoms:...

Collectivist cultures emphasize the needs and goals of the group as a whole over the needs and desires of each individual. In such cultures, relationships with other members of the group and the interconnectedness between people play a central role in each person’s identity. Collectivism contrasts with individualism, in which personal needs take precedence. Traits of Collectivist Cultures In collectivistic cultures, people are considered “good” if they are generous, helpful, dependable, and attentive to the needs of others....

Take a look at almost any medical product and you’ll find a “natural” alternative as well. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is no different. For couples facing infertility—that is, the inability to conceive naturally after regular, unprotected sexual intercourse for 12 months—natural IVF might be an appealing option, especially if you’re the type to be drawn toward homeopathic remedies or “clean” beauty and skin products. However, before actively pursuing natural IVF, it’s important to understand what it really entails, as its name can be a bit deceptive....

After a stillbirth, it’s normal to go through a period of grieving for the loss of your baby. For some people, the idea of getting pregnant again is too difficult to consider. Others find a sense of healing in a new pregnancy journey. If you decide that you’d like to conceive again, here’s what you can expect during the process. Conception After Stillbirth About 50% of women choose to become pregnant again after a stillbirth....

Women take various things into account when deciding which birth control method is right for them, such as convenience, lifestyle, family planning, effectiveness, and cost. When it comes to hormonal contraceptives, another concern might be mental health. But new research from Northwestern Medicine, published in The American Journal of Psychiatry in November, might go some way to ease those worries. Key Takeaways Some studies have suggested that hormonal birth control, such as the pill, IUD, and vaginal ring, trigger depression and suicide....

What do your kids drink? While the types of beverages allowed to be sold in schools are restricted, some choices are healthier than others. Your kids need guidance so they make the right choices wherever they may be. Soda and Drink Guidelines in School and at Home The USDA Smart Snacks in School beverage guidelines limit soda and other high-calorie drinks sold in schools. Some experts think that the guidelines may not go far enough....

What is it that motivates us to do the things we do? There are many theories of motivation, one of which focuses on arousal levels. The arousal theory of motivation suggests that people are driven to perform actions in order to maintain an optimum level of physiological arousal. What exactly is the optimal level of motivation? It varies from one individual to the next. Some people may require a higher level of arousal, which might motivate them to seek out exciting and stimulating activities....

The English language has several terms for children between the ages of birth and 4 years, including newborn, infant, baby, and toddler. These terms are often used interchangeably for various ages of young children and may mean different things to different people. Here’s a look at each of these terms, what age range they apply to, and an overview of the growth and development you can expect during that time....

If you’re considering buying Clomid (clomiphene) online—without seeing a doctor and without a prescription—think again. It is, in fact, a growing problem in the U.S., and not only patients fall prey. Doctors do too. Why people would consider this a helpful option is unclear, given that the drug costs only $10 to $100 per cycle. But it is clearly a practice that some people not only embrace, but also encourage. And that’s a problem....

What Is Decidophobia? Do you struggle with every little decision, such as deciding what to wear to work or what to make for breakfast? Do big decisions feel impossible and give you paralyzing anxiety? Do you dread making decisions and put them off for as long as possible? Are you terrified of making the wrong decision? The term “decidophobia” was coined by Walter Kauffman, a philosopher at Princeton and Harvard universities....

If you have PTSD, emotional awareness exercises can make an important difference in your life. Why? Because working to increase your emotional awareness can help you manage your PTSD more effectively. Coping Skills to Increase Emotional Awareness You can use a number of coping skills to monitor your emotions and increase your emotional awareness, including: Expressive writing Seeking out social support Self-soothing Deep breathing You’re probably using one or more of these....

Determining the causes of psychiatric disorders is a complex process. There are so many aspects of the brain and its functioning that we still don’t understand, but as we explore the makings of our mental health, we’re carefully piecing together the puzzle. Key Takeaways New research reveals specific biological, social, and psychological factors can predict psychiatric disorders with 90% accuracy.In looking at temperament, trauma, and dopamine, mental health professionals may be better equipped to provide preventive care and intervention....